Alexis Jones
Period 3 Enriched
Chemical Bonding Project
Chemical reactions are when
elements rearrange, combine, or break apart to create a new substance. These
new substances occur due to chemical bonds are formed or broken down. Chemical
bonds are either ionic or covalent. These bonds involve valence electrons,
which make the bonds more stable. Chemical bonding is when bonds use valence
electrons to become more stable, and these bonds use certain elements that have
similar or different properties.
Valence electrons are the outer
electrons in the outer shell of an atom. Atoms like to gain or lose electrons
in order to become more stable. When atoms give away something negative, it is
in order to become more positive. When atoms gain something negative, it is in
order to become more negative. Valence electrons are represented by Lewis do
structures. Lewis dot structures represent valence electrons by having the
element symbol in the middle of the number of valence electrons for that
element. For example calcium has two valence electrons. To become more stable
calcium will lose its two electrons to get a positive charge of two.
Visual:
Ionic compounds are the bonding of
metals with non-metals. The way ionic bonding works is by losing, or gaining
valence electrons in order to become more stable. In ionic bonding cations have
a positive charge, and these are the metals. Anions have a negative charge, and
these are the non-metals. Ionic bonds form by trading their electrons with
other elements. In order to form it first you have to identify that your two,
or more elements will make and ionic bond. You do this by identifying your
metal and non metal. Then you identify the number of valence electrons each
element has. Finally you will take your element with the least valence
electrons and draw and arrow from each electron to a lonely electron of the
other element. Keep in mind that while doing this you want to keep your
elements, and the lonely valence electrons side-by-side. For example potassium
(K, metal) has one valence electron, and it gives away its electron to fluorine
(F, non-metal) which has seven valence electrons in order to become more
stable.
Visual:
Covalent
compounds are the bonding of non-metals. The way covalent bonding works is by
gaining, or losing valence electrons in order to become more stable just like
ionic compounds. In covalent bonds anions are used, which are negative
electrons that are non-metals. Unlike ionic compounds which give up electrons,
covalent bonds form by sharing electrons. In order to form a covalent bond
first you have to identify that the two or more elements you are using are
non-metals. Then you will put them side by side, and draw their valence
electrons around them. Make sure to keep the lonely electrons and elements
side-by-side. Once you have this set up you will draw a solid line to each of
the lonely electrons connecting them. For example hydrogen (H, non-metal) has
one valence electron, and it shares its electron with Iodine (I, non-metal)
which has seven valence electrons. This bond makes both of the elements more
stable.
Visual:
Periodic trends affect bonding,
because of how the elements are arranged on the periodic table. For example
elements can be arranged by their electronegative, electron affinity, atomic
radius, or ionization energy. Electronegative is the atoms ability to attract
other bonded atoms. Electron affinity is an atoms ability to attract another
atom. The atomic radius is the radius of an elements atom. Ionization energy is
the energy it takes to remove an atom from another atom. Other periodic trends
are when the attraction of the atoms for the pair of bonding electrons is
different, this is polar covalent bonds. Properties in compounds are used to
determine the type of bonding and structure, not just the elements being used.
These different properties help group elements to make them either more
available or less available for bonding.
Bibliography:
"Electronegativity." Electronegativity.
Mar. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2013.
Jones, Alexis. Bonding & Nomenclature Learning Guide. 11
Nov 2013.
"Trends in the Periodic Table and Bonding." -
Periodicity, Polarity and Properties Education Scotland Foghlam Alba. Web. 17 Nov. 2013.
"Valence
Electron." The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Web. 17 Nov. 2013.
